Abuse-resistant controlled-release opioid dosage form

ABSTRACT

Abuse-resistant, controlled release opioid tablets are a combination containing an opioid antagonist such as naloxone at a level above that needed to suppress the euphoric effect of the opioid, if the combination were crushed to break the controlled release properties causing the opioid and opioid antagonist to be released as a immediate release product as a single dose. The controlled release nature of the table prevents the accumulation of orally effective amounts of opioid antagonist when taken normally. The opioid antagonist is contained in a controlled-release matrix and released, over time, with the opioid.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/205,204, filed Mar. 11, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/777,537, filed Feb. 26, 2013 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/494,431, filed Jun. 12, 2012 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/901,232, filed Sep. 14, 2007 (now abandoned), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/143,111, filed May 10, 2002 (now abandoned), which claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/290,439, filed May 11, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to controlled-release analgesic pharmaceutical formulations. More specifically, the invention relates to abuse-deterring controlled-release analgesic tablets.

Opioid compounds have long been known both for their powerful analgesic properties, and for their strong potential for abuse. While highly effective at controlling pain, opioids can also be addictive. Abuse of opioids, particularly heroin, but also including morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and others, is a problem in modern society. Opioid addicts can obtain drugs from a variety of illicit sources. These street drugs are of questionable quality. Therefore, to potential abusers, prescription pharmaceutical opioids can be particularly attractive as a drug source because of their high purity and dependable dosage.

Abusers extract the pharmaceutical opioid, and other constituents, from the tablets. To do so, the tablets are crushed and often dissolved. The result may be further treated before it is ultimately injected or snorted to achieve a “high”. This type of intravenous or intranasal abuse is well documented.

The potential for abuse of pharmaceutical opioids is not a new problem. To combat the effects of opioid abuse, opioid antagonists have been used to block the euphoria associated with opioid abuse, and to induce withdrawal symptoms in addicts. One opioid antagonist used previously, and even now, is naloxone. Naloxone is a powerful antagonist of the opioid receptor. Naloxone is highly effective when taken parenterally, but poorly effective when taken orally because of its metabolism in the liver and, thus, has a high oral:parenteral potency ratio. When injected in humans, amounts as small as 0.2-0.4 mg can block the opioid receptors and prevent the user from experiencing the drug's effects, whether analgesia or mood alteration, euphoria. Because of the high oral:parenteral potency ratio (-100) the antagonist action of oral doses of naloxone is much lower than the action of injections of naloxone. Because antagonists such as naloxone are less effective when taken orally, they have not been used to deter oral abuse and have been limited to deterring parenteral or intranasal abuse.

Recently however, a new form of abuse of opioid agonists has emerged involving oral abuse instead of abuse by injection or snorting. This practice has emerged largely because of the availability of high-opioid content controlled release (CR) formulations. “Chewing” involves crushing the opioid formulation and taking the entire contents, meant for 2 or more doses, at once. This practice releases all the opioid at once to generate a “high.” The crushing may take place in the mouth as suggested by the name, but also may occur by other means to make the opioid readily available including, crushing or dissolving the tablet prior to injection or administered intranasally.

Recently, high potency prescription opioid tablets containing large milligram doses of opioids have been introduced. These tablets are controlled release tablets and are designed to provide pain relief for 12 hours or more. Because the tablets have action over a long time period (12 hours instead of 4 hours for immediate release tablets), the tablets contain much higher quantities of opioid compounds. For potential abusers, these tablets are very attractive. Their high dosages make them a compact way to access large amounts of opioid. The fact that they are pharmaceuticals guarantees both the quality and quantity of drug in the tablet. Thus, the potential abuser knows he or she is obtaining a high purity drug in a known dosage. Prior oral opioid dosage formulations contained relatively low doses of opioid and were not generally targets for oral abuse. Their immediate release formulations release the opioid all at once, but with low amounts of opioid that would not be sufficient for oral abuse without putting several low dosage units together. In contrast, abusers have found that the new CR tablets contain large doses of opioid, which can be abused orally by chewing the tablets or crushing them to release all of the opioid at one time (immediate release). The present invention deters such oral abuse.

Oxycontin®, a controlled release oxycodone tablet from Purdue Pharma, is available in strengths as high as 160 mg oxycodone per tablet. The high opioid content makes these tablets especially attractive to abusers. Illegal trade in controlled release opioid tablets is becoming more prevalent. In order to obtain a euphoric effect (high) from such tablets, an abuser may crush the tablet and extract the opioid compound by dissolution for injection, or intranasal administration. Also, the abuser can achieve a euphoric effect from the drug by simply taking the drug orally, after chewing the tablet or grinding it to break the controlled release matrix and converting it to an immediate release product. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a formulation which would prevent the oral abuse of controlled release tablets if crushed to convert it to an immediate release product, without significantly affecting the analgesic action of opioid compounds in the intact controlled release tablet.

WO 01/58447 discloses pharmaceutical combinations of opioid agonists and antagonists in a controlled release matrix. The antagonist is present and released in amounts, over time, that attenuate or reduce the side effects of the opioid agonist, yet in amounts insufficient to block the opioid effect. The preferred antagonist is Naltrexone, which is highly effective when administered orally or parenterally. The antagonist is released only in very small amounts, 100-1000 times less than the opioid. WO '447 is silent with respect to including an anti-abusive amount of antagonist in the dose to prevent abuse. The intravenous use of small amounts of naloxone, 0.25 or 1 μg kg⁻¹hr⁻¹, is also disclosed as having attenuating effects.

WO '447 does not present release rates for the antagonist in its CR formulation, but directs those skilled in the art to the Crain patents (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,767,125; 5,580,876; 5,512,578; and 5,472,943). The Crain patents collectively disclose instant release formulations with “ultra-low” doses of certain antagonists to selectively block only the excitatory opioid receptors to attenuate opioid side effects, without blocking inhibitory receptors, which would lead to opioid blocking These doses are on the order of pico-molar amounts. Crain '578 suggests that only naltrexone is useful in oral administration and that 1 μg doses are sufficient for attenuating opioid side effects by selectively blocking the excitatory opioid receptors and leaving the inhibitory opioid receptors free for receiving the opioid agonist (which may be administered in lower than normal doses with similar analgesic effect). The normal oral dose of naltrexone is about 50 mg versus “ultra low” does of 1 μg of naltrexone described in Crain '578 patent.

The prior art does not discuss controlled release formulation containing agonist and antagonist to deter abuse. Accordingly, there is a need for a composition that deters abuse in the high opioid-content controlled release formulation prevalent today.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Abuse-resistant, controlled release opioid tablets are a combination containing an opioid antagonist having a high oral:parenteral potency ratio (i.e. oral:parenteral>1), such as naloxone, at a level insufficient to block the opioid effects or to attenuate the opioid side-effects in the controlled release formulation administered over an extended period, but above that needed to suppress the euphoric effect of the opioid if administered all at once. If the combination tablet is crushed to break the controlled release properties, the opioid and opioid antagonist is released as an immediate release product in a single dose, and the antagonist blocks the euphoric effects of the agonist. The opioid antagonist is contained in a controlled-release matrix and released over time, with the opioid agonist.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention employs the principle that certain opioid antagonists are ineffective in low oral doses. Therefore, one can administer a low oral dose over a long period of time (controlled release) from a tablet containing a large, orally effective amount of antagonist, without adversely affecting the action of the opioid. However, if the antagonist is administered all at once, it will block the opioid effect and may induce withdrawal in dependent individuals.

The present invention is intended for use in controlled release compositions. The term, “controlled release” or “CR” when used herein, is intended to refer to tablets intended to release an active pharmaceutical ingredient over an extended period of time, usually over 4 hours, generally 8-12 or up to 24 hours. One method of determining this is to check the intended dosing schedule. Any tablet intended to be taken less frequently than once every four hours should be considered controlled release regardless of labeling as controlled release, sustained release, extended release, etc. Often, these tablets contain polymeric matrices which may be cross-linked. Examples of such controlled release formulations are the Contin® system, produced by Purdue Fredrick Pharmaceuticals, or the TimerX® system by Pennwest Pharmaceuticals. Other controlled release polymers can also be used, such as methacrylate (Eudragit®), hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), or Carbopol®. The present invention may be used with these or other controlled release formulations.

The tablet of the present invention contains an opioid agonist in a controlled release matrix, along with an opioid antagonist. The antagonist is present at such a level, and dispensed at such a rate, that it will not block the action of the opioid agonist when an intact controlled release tablet is taken orally. Crushing the tablet will release sufficient antagonist all at once as an immediate release formulation to block the opioid response and also, induce abstinence. Antagonists need to reach an effective dose to work, so their slow release coupled with fast metabolism means they are maintained at ineffective, low levels in normal, recommended, therapeutic, non-abusive use. This low level of antagonist can be released over a long time period without affecting the therapeutic action of the opioid agonist. Even with sustained release over such long periods, the antagonist does not accumulate to blocking levels, since it is metabolized before it can accumulate to such levels. Because of the nature of the opioid antagonist action, the level of antagonist should be varied with the opioid dosage of the tablet. Also, depending on the antagonist, the oral:parenteral potency ratio, and the release rates, the levels of antagonists employed will vary. Regardless, there should be sufficient antagonist to block the opioid effect (high) and induce withdrawal in dependent individuals, if the tablet is crushed, converting the formulation to immediate release. Under normal conditions, the release rate is not sufficient for blocking the opioid effect nor suitable for selectively blocking the excitatory opioid receptors to attenuate opioid side effects. For Naloxone, the presently preferred antagonist, it is believed that 15 mg (immediate release) should begin to block the opioid receptors and initiate withdrawal.

The specific opioid agonists, antagonists, CR matrices, and the combinations disclosed herein are merely exemplary. Other agonists, antagonists, matrices, and combinations may be used in conjunction with the teachings herein.

The opioid agonist can be any agonist in general use as an analgesic, including, but not limited to, morphine, oxycodone, levorphanol, meperdine, hydrocodone, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, propoxyphene, methadone, and oxymorphone. Specifically, any addictive opioid in a controlled release dosage form is the target of the present invention. Most particularly, controlled release oxycodone has recently been the target of abuse, and would therefore make a good candidate for use in the present invention. Of course, the release rate of the opioid agonist is established to achieve the desired analgesic effect.

Potency of the antagonist is measured as the oral:parenteral potency ratio, which indicates the amount of antagonist required orally to achieve an equivalent effect to an effective parenteral dose. For example, an antagonist having an oral:parenteral potency ratio of 10:1 requires 10 times the parenteral dose to be effective orally. The opioid antagonists used herein will have greater antagonistic effect when administered parenterally than when administered orally (oral:parenteral potency ratio>1). Accordingly, the desired antagonists block the opioid effect and induce withdrawal when administered at relatively low levels parenterally or intranasally. At the same time, these antagonists require relatively large levels to be effective when administered orally for recommended, therapeutic use. Thus, effective parenteral/intranasal doses are ineffective when administered orally. Preferably, the oral:parenteral potency ratio is at least approximately 10:1, more preferably at least approximately 25:1, and most preferably at least approximately 100:1 as is the case with Naloxone. Appropriate opioid antagonists having substantially greater effectiveness when administered by injection than when administered orally, include, but are not limited to: naloxone; naltrexone; N-cyclopropylmethyl-7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxynormorphinone or 21-cyclopropyl z, -(1-hydroxy-l-methylethyl)-6,14-endo-ethano-tetrahydrooripavine (or diphenorphine); and the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.

It has previously been known that opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, can block opioid receptors and reduce or eliminate the effect of opioids. Such antagonists are useful in treating opioid overdoses and to help treat addiction, in some cases. By blocking opioid receptors, the antagonists reverse and block the response to opioids. The high oral:parenteral potency ratio antagonists, such as naloxone, while very effective when injected, are significantly less effective when taken orally. Therefore, a dosage form designed for oral administration can have a significant amount of opioid antagonist, without adversely affecting the therapeutic efficacy of the opioid. Similarly, these levels of antagonists do not attenuate the side effects of the opioid. Such an antagonist would be effective in deterring intravenous or intranasal abuse when present in low levels, but would be ineffective in deterring oral abuse. Were the tablets to include sufficient antagonist to deter oral abuse, the antagonist would also reduce or inhibit the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. A tablet containing an orally effective amount of antagonists in a CR formulation releasing ineffective amounts of antagonist under normal use would be effective against both oral and parenteral abuse, without minimizing the effectiveness of the opioid under normal use.

The amount of antagonist in the composition will depend on the relative strength of the antagonist, the amount and strength of the opioid, the release rate of the antagonist, and the oral:parenteral potency ratio. In any event, the combination of antagonist type, oral:parenteral potency ratio, quantity, and release rate do not result in blockage of the opioid effect or attenuation of its side effects, when administered orally in its intended, intact dosage form.

Strengths of controlled release opioid tablets vary with the particular opioid used. In the case of oxycodone, strengths of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg may be used in a controlled release formula. The amount of opioid antagonist (such as naloxone) in such a tablet may also vary from about 2 mg to 40 mg or more. There should be at least 5 to 20 mg (preferably 10 to 20 mg) of naloxone in a tablet to prevent oral abuse by chewing a number of small, low dose tablets or a higher strength tablet. That is, the accumulation of an abusive dose by combining 2 or more low-dose tablets should also accumulate an effective amount of antagonist. Higher dose opioid tablets should contain an effective amount of antagonist without accumulation. Prevention of abuse by parenteral or intranasal administration will also be accomplished, since in the case of injection or snorting, only about 0.2 to 0.4 mg naloxone is needed to antagonize the opioid effect, to induce abstinence in dependent individuals, and to prevent abuse. Therefore the larger amount needed to prevent oral abuse will necessarily prevent abuse by injection or intranasal administration as well.

For oxycodone tablets of 10 or 20 mg tablet strength, the amount of naloxone, opioid antagonist used can range from 5 to 40 mg. As the tablet strength rises, the ratio of opioid to opioid antagonist varies from 1:3 to 4:1, since a 160 mg opioid tablet may contain 80 mg opioid antagonist. Although the ratio can vary, it is preferable to select one ratio for all tablet strengths. Physicians prefer to titrate patients using several low dose tablets which add up to the desired dosage. This is easiest if a constant ratio is maintained. Thus, a constant ratio across tablet strengths is useful even though that ratio can be any appropriate ratio in the range set forth above.

Drug abusers are creative when finding ways to defeat anti-abusive measures. Currently, several methods of oral abuse are contemplated. As discussed above, it should be remembered that the compositions of the invention contain sufficient antagonist to be effective orally and, therefore, necessarily contain a parenterally or intranasally effective blocking amount. Accordingly, parenteral and intranasal abuse are not discussed here.

Abusers may “chew” a single large dose tablet to achieve instant release of an abusive dose of opioid. Compositions containing these abusive amounts of opioid should contain enough antagonist to block oral abuse by “chewing.”

Two or more lower dose tablets may be “chewed” together to achieve an abusive dose. To the extent that each tablet itself does not contain an orally, effective amount of antagonist, when combined to an abusive dose, the combined antagonist should be orally effective. That is if, for example, a 10 mg tablet is not sufficient to achieve a high, it need not contain the full orally effective amount of antagonist. If two 10 mg tablets are sufficient for a high, they then should contain a combined amount of antagonist which is effective orally for blocking the opioid effect.

Additionally, two or more high-dose tablets could be taken orally, without crushing, to achieve a “high.” Such a combination would take advantage of the CR properties to sustain a high for the entire dosage period up to 12 hours. This type of abuse is uncommon since most abusers want the instant high or rush afforded by the immediate release of the crushed tablets. Such a combination, according to one embodiment of the invention, should also release a blocking amount of antagonist when taken orally without chewing. This arrangement would also prevent the dire effects of accidental overdose. Although this type of arrangement would be beneficial in many situations, it could limit a prescribing doctor's options, and therefore, may not be appropriate in all situations. Tablets according to this embodiment are not preferred, but are certainly within the scope of the invention.

Tablets according to the invention may take into consideration any of the above abusive regimes individually or any combination thereof.

The basic underlying premise of the invention is that the tablet contains 1) an amount of antagonist which is orally effective for blocking the opioid effect and 2) that the antagonist is available, normally, only at levels that are ineffective to block the opioid effect or to attenuate the opioid side-effects. One of the ways to achieve this is to control the release rate of the antagonist. The release rate of the antagonist is best thought of in terms of a percent of the release rate of the opioid agonist. The rate is controlled between approximately 100%-0% of the release rate of the opioid, preferably 100%-25%. Table 1 shows release rates of opioid and antagonist as % released. In the case of 0%, the antagonist is never released unless the tablet is crushed. But, that is the subject of another application.

In the case of Naloxone, the short half-life (about one hour) ensures that the Naloxone does not accumulate to blocking levels, even when released at the same rate as the opioid. In slower release formulations (50% and 75%), the unreleased portion remaining after 10-12 hours passes to the large intestine where the absorption rate is much slower than in the stomach and small intestine. Accordingly, the amount of antagonist released beyond 10-12 hours does not contribute to any blocking or attenuating effect.

These release rates ensure that under normal usage the antagonist has no blocking or attenuating effect. Simultaneously, however, an orally effective blocking dose of the antagonist is present in the event that the CR properties are defeated.

The type and application of CR matrix used will determine release rates. Manipulation of release rates, even of two compounds with two different rates is known in the art. Any known or later developed CR techniques may be used. It is important to remember though, that the antagonist should not be readily distinguishable or separable from the agonist, since would be abusers could possibly use mechanical separation techniques prior to defeating the CR formulation.

TABLE 1 Release Rates from CR formulation ANTAGONIST (as % of AGONIST release rate) AGONIST 100% 50% 25% 1 HR 20-30% 20-30% 10-15%   5-7.5% 4 HRS 60-70% 60-70% 30-35% 15-17.5% 10 HRS   >90%   >90% 45-50% 22.5-25%

Release rates are a percentage of agonist or antagonist with respect to its total content in the composition.

The tablets may be made by any traditional method of manufacture of controlled release tablets. Two principal processes are wet process (including wet granulation) and dry process (including direct mixing and roller compaction process.) Exemplary compositions for those processes are reproduced below.

TABLE 2 Preferred Naloxone Ranges for Differing Strengths of Oxycodone Tablets Oxycodone (mg) 10 20 40 80 160 Naloxone (mg) 2-10 4-20 8-40 16-80 20-160

For oxymorphone, the doses for controlled release tablets may be 10, 20, or 40 mg and the naloxone dose ranges may be the same as set forth for oxycodone.

The preferred oxycodone:naloxone ratio is 5:1 to 1:1.

TABLE 3 Formula 1 of Oxycodone HCl 10-mg Tablets with Naloxone Component mg/Tablet percent (by wt) Oxycodone Hydrochloride 10.00 2.22% Naloxone 10.00 2.22% Lactose (spray-dried) 281.50 62.56% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, 135.00 30.00% K100M Silicone Dioxide 9.00 2.00% Magnesium Stearate 4.50 1.00% Total: 450.00 100.00%

TABLE 4 Formula 2 of Oxycodone HCl 10-mg Tablets with Naloxone Component mg/Tablet percent (by wt) Oxycodone Hydrochloride 10.00 3.77% Naloxone 10.00 3.77% Lactose (spray-dried) 157.55 59.45% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, 79.50 30.00% K1 00M Silicone Dioxide 5.30 2.00% Magnesium Stearate 2.65 1.00% Total: 265.00 100.00%

TABLE 5 Formula 3 of Oxycodone HCl 10-mg Tablets with Naloxone Component mg/Tablet percent (by wt) Oxycodone Hydrochloride 10.00 8.33% Naloxone 10.00 8.33% Lactose (spray-dried) 60.40 50.33% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, 36.00 30.00% K100M Silicone Dioxide 2.40 2.00% Magnesium Stearate 1.20 1.00% Total: 120.00 100.00%

Alternate compositions may also be used. Preferably, tablets according to the present invention will have the following compositions:

Material Quantity (%) Oxycodone Hydrochloride, USP  2.000-35.000 Naloxone  2.000-20.000 Microcrystalline Cellulose, NF (Avicel PH102) 10.000-50.000 Ammonia Methacrylate Copolymer, NF (Eudragit RSPO) 30.000-70.000 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, NF (Cab-O-Sil)   0-5.000 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, NF   0-5.000 Magnesium Hydroxide, USP   0-2.000 Povidone, USP    0-15.000 Stearic Acid, NF   0-5.000 Magnesium Stearate, NF   0-5.000

Dissolution was conducted according to USP XXIV Apparatus 3 (Reciprocating Cylinder) for Formulation 1-3. The apparatus 3 is to simulate the gastrointestinal conditions of human. The 1st hour is at pH 1.2 of 0.1N HCl. The 2nd and 3rd hours are at pH 4.5 of 10 mM of potassium phosphate monobasic. The conditions after the 3rd hours are at pH 6.8 of 10 mM of potassium phosphate monobasic. All dissolution vessels contain 250 mL of dissolution solution. The dip rate is set at 10 dips per minute. The bath temperature is set at 37.5° C. The HPLC parameters are set as follows: Column—Inertsil ODS 3, 50 mm×4.6 mm, 3 μm particle size. Mobile phase: 80% 30 mM sodium hexanesulfonate pH 3.0+/−1, 20% acetonitrile. Injection volume is 75 μL. Column temperature is 35° C., Flow rate is set at 1.0 mL/min. Wavelength is set at 225 nm. Run time is 5.5 minutes.

Dissolution results for Formulation 1-3 were as follows:

Formulation 1 Tablet not Crushed Tablet Crushed % Oxycodone % Naloxone % Oxycodone % Naloxone Time Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 29.8 27.8 88.2 94.6 2 47.8 45.4 3 59.8 57.4 4 68.5 65.9 8 91.1 87.5 12 100.7 97.9

Formulation 2 Tablet not Crushed Tablet Crushed % Oxycodone % Naloxone % Oxycodone % Naloxone Time Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 40.1 37.0 104.9 102.8 2 63.2 60.3 3 77.3 75.3 4 86.5 85.2 8 105.6 106.1 12 110.5 112.6

Formulation 3 Tablet not Crushed Tablet Crushed % Oxycodone % Naloxone % Oxycodone % Naloxone Time Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 59.0 52.5 100.5 90.9 2 85.4 78.0 3 97.4 90.3 4 102.5 95.9 8 105.4 99.7 12 105.4 99.8

From these tests, it is evident that under normal, non-crushing use, the amount of antagonist, here naloxone, released over time is insufficient to block the opioid effect. Even Example 3, which has the highest initial release rate of antagonist, only makes about 5 mg naloxone available in the first hour. Due to the short half-life of naloxone, and the slow release rate, the antagonist does not accumulate in the body to a level that blocks the opioid effect. On the other hand, in the crushed tablet, substantially all of the antagonist is available in the first hour. Thus, an opioid blocking amount of antagonist is readily available to deter oral and other forms of abuse. Regardless of the antagonist used, the combination of the antagonist content, the release rate, and the antagonist half-life achieves the goals of the invention to block the opioid effect when administered as for instant release, yet not blocking the opioid effect when administered as intended and recommended as a controlled release formulation.

It is well known that the various opioids have differing relative strengths. Often, these are compared and related to a standard for determining relative doses of each. Although this application discusses opioid content in terms of oxycodone, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other opioids, stronger and weaker, can be used in equivalent dosage amounts. Likewise, the antagonist is similarly selected and dosed.

The scope of the invention is not limited to the above examples, which are provided only for purposes of illustration. The above description is written in the context of a tablet. Other oral dosage forms, capable of being made in CR formulations may be used. Among the oral dosage forms available are capsules, caplets, microspheres, gel caps and even liquid formulations. 

1-4. (canceled)
 5. An oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising: oxycodone; and naloxone; wherein the oxycodone and the naloxone are present in a ratio of 5:1 to 1:1; and wherein the composition releases the naloxone and the oxycodone such that at least 87.5% of the naloxone is released from the composition over 8-12 hours.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 10-160 mg.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 10-80 mg.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 10-40 mg.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 10 mg and the naloxone is present in an amount of 2-10 mg.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 20 mg and the naloxone is present in an amount of 5-20 mg.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 40 mg and the naloxone is present in an amount of 8-40 mg.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 80 mg and the naloxone is present in an amount of 16-80 mg.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the naloxone is present in an amount of 2-160 mg.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the naloxone is present in an amount of 2-40 mg.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the naloxone is present in an amount of 5-20 mg.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone and the naloxone are present in a ratio of 4:1 to 1:1.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone is in the form of oxycodone hydrochloride.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the naloxone is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the release rate of the naloxone is approximately 100 percent to approximately 25 percent of the release rate of the oxycodone.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the release rate of the naloxone is approximately 100 percent of the release rate of the oxycodone.
 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein >90% of the oxycodone is released from the composition over 10 hours.
 22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the oxycodone and the naloxone are released over a period greater than 4 hours.
 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the composition further comprises a controlled release matrix that contains the oxycodone and the naloxone.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet.
 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the naloxone is not readily separable from the oxycodone.
 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein sufficient naloxone is released to block the opioid euphoric effect when the pharmaceutical composition is crushed.
 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the naloxone is released as immediate release capable of inducing withdrawal in dependent individuals if the pharmaceutical composition is crushed and the controlled release properties broken.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the naloxone is released at a rate ineffective for inducing withdrawal when the pharmaceutical composition is taken orally in intact form.
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the release of the naloxone does not block the action of the oxycodone when the controlled release properties are intact.
 30. A method of treating pain comprising administering to a patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 5. 31. An oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising: oxycodone hydrochloride; and 2-40 mg of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of naloxone; wherein the oxycodone hydrochloride and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of naloxone are present in a ratio of 4:1 to 1:1; wherein the composition releases the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of naloxone and the oxycodone hydrochloride such that at least 87.5% of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of naloxone is released from the composition over 8-12 hours.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 31, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg.
 33. An oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising: oxycodone; and 2-40 mg of naloxone; wherein the oxycodone and the naloxone are present in a ratio of 5:1 to 1:1; and wherein composition releases the naloxone and the oxycodone such that 20-30% of the oxycodone and 20-30% of the naloxone are released from the composition over 1 hour; 60-70% of the oxycodone and 60-70% of the naloxone are released from the composition over 4 hours; and >90% of the oxycodone and >90% of the naloxone are released from the composition over 10 hours.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33, wherein the oxycodone is present in an amount of 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg. 